Review Questions for Business Management Essay Example for Free

Review Questions for Business Management Essay 1) What is resource overallocation? Resource leveling is the project management function of resolving project resource over-allocation. By definition over-allocation means that a resource has been assigned more work than can be accomplished in the available time as dictated by the resources calendar definition. In most scenarios, over-allocations can be remedied manually by extending tasks or moving them to accommodate the resources availability 2) What is resource leveling? When performing project planning activities, the manager will attempt to schedule certain tasks simultaneously. When more resources such as machines or people are needed than are available, or perhaps a specific person is needed in both tasks, the tasks will have to be rescheduled concurrently or even sequentially to manage the constraint. Project planning resource leveling is the process of resolving these conflicts. It can also be used to balance the workload of primary resources over the course of the project[s], usually at the expense of one of the traditional triple constraints (time, cost, scope). 3) Under what circumstances would you want to manually resolve conflicts? You can resolve resource conflicts or overallocations by using the resource-leveling feature in Microsoft Office Project. Leveling works by splitting tasks or by adding delay to tasks until the resources that are assigned to those tasks are no longer overloaded. Because of these changes to the tasks, leveling can delay the finish date of some tasks and consequently also the projects finish date. When it is leveling, Project does not change who is assigned to each task 4) What would be the caution of adding more resources to a task to resolve resource conflicts? As you assign resources to tasks, Project checks the resource’s calendar to make sure that the resource is working. However, Project doesn’t assess whether the resource is already obligated when you assign the resource to a new task; Project enables you to make the assignment. Be aware, though, that the additional assignment may lead to overallocating the resource. Overallocation occurs when you assign more work to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the time that you’ve allotted for the work to be completed. 5) What would be the caution of rescheduling a task to resolve a resource conflict? To get the best performance and results from resources (resources: The people, equipment, and material that are used to complete tasks in a project.), you must manage resource workloads to avoid overallocations (overallocation: The result of assigning more tasks to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the working time available.) and underallocations (underallocation: Assigning a resource to work fewer hours than the resource has available.). If you change resource assignments (assignment: A specific resource that is assigned to a particular task.), check the effects of your changes on the overall schedule (schedule: The timing and sequence of tasks within a project. A schedule consists mainly of tasks, task dependencies, durations, constraints, and time-oriented project information.) to make sure that the results meet your project goals.

European Politics :: Essays on Politics

Throughout Europe, a complex political structure of government has emerged from the once simple Monarchial rule. These new systems of Government, with respect to specific nation-states, have developed domestic policies that people depend on for daily life. Of these many dependencies is the health care system. The nation-states of Europe are entitled to bring forth and confront these issues, in order to ensure a sense of safety and well being into the lives of everyday citizens. The significance of the health care system is that it is an issue people are always trying to reform and build upon. Working alongside this idea, is the notion that other countries will develop intellectual health care systems from understanding those system already put into effect. This was the case with the German system of insured care, and the subsequent formation of the Hungarian health insurance system. In laying out the design of both systems, it is evident that the Hungarian health care system was bas ed upon the founding principles of the German health care system. Established by Otto von Bismarck in 1883, the German system has been continually extended to reflect the changing assortment of diseases and technological progress. Germany may be the only country in which most beneficiaries of its long-term care system and related expenditures are in community-based rather than institutional settings, according to the authors of the German study. (Moran 77) Germany's attempt to improve coverage for long-term care reached a fever pitch in the early 1990s, when West German policymakers sought to bring means-tested, state-administered long-term care services into its universal health insurance fold. In 1994 the country enacted a universal-coverage social insurance program for long-term care, called Soziale Pflegeversicherung, which was administered by "sickness funds," quasi-public and quasi-private insurers regulated by the national government. Under this program, premiums are uniform-a straight 1.7 percent of salary, split between employers and employees. (Knox 13) Benefits include extensive institutional and home care services. Informal caregivers receive up to four weeks of respite care each year, as well as a pension credit for providing high levels of unpaid services. In 1998 alone, some 550,000 people received pension contributions as caregivers. Germany's program has succeeded in increasing the availability of nursing home and home care services, as well as the number of home care providers, the study authors report. Program costs stayed well below original estimates and led to surpluses of nearly $5 billion.

Public Ruling

INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY PUBLIC RULING NO. 4/2011 Translation from the original Bahasa Malaysia text DATE OF ISSUE: 10 MARCH 2011 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 11. 14.Introduction Related provisions Interpretation Letting of real property as a business source Letting of real property as a non-business source Commencement date of letting of property All real properties grouped as a single source Expense relating to income of letting of real property Rental income received in advance Capital allowance Industrial building allowance Replacement cost of furnishings Letting of part of building used in the business Effective Date Page 1 1 1 1-4 4-5 5-7 7 – 13 13 – 19 19 – 22 22 – 25 26 26 26 26DIRECTOR GENERAL'S PUBLIC RULING A Public Ruling as provided for under section 138A of the In come Tax Act 1967 is issued for the purpose of providing guidance for the public and officers of the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia. It sets out the interpretation of the Director General of Inland Revenue in respect of the particular tax law, and the policy and procedure that are to be applied. A Public Ruling may be withdrawn, either wholly or in part, by notice of withdrawal or by publication of a new ruling which is inconsistent with it.Director General of Inland Revenue, Inland Revenue Board Malaysia. INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 1. This Ruling explains: (a) (b) Letting of real property as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the Income Tax Act 1967 (ITA); and Letting of real property as a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. 2. The provisions of the ITA related to this Ruling are paragraphs 4(a) and 4(d), subsections 33(1) and 39(1). The words used in this Ruling hav e the following meaning: 3. â€Å"Arm's length basis† refers to the circumstances, decisions or outcomes that would have been arrived at if unrelated or unconnected persons were to deal with each other wholly independently and out of reach of personal influence . â€Å"Real property† includes any land and any interest, option or other right in or over such land and includes any building on land. â€Å"Person† includes a company, a co-operative society, a partnership, a club, an association, a Hindu joint family, a trust, an estate under administration and an individual, but excludes a unit trust. Letting of real property† means granting the use of a real property or occupation of a real property under an agreement or a term of contract and includes the letting out of part of the real property that is owned or rented. â€Å"Management corporation† means a management corporation established under the Strata Titles Act 1985 (Act 318), the Land (Subsidi ary Title) Enactment 1972 (Sabah No. 9 of 1972) or the Strata Titles Ordinance 1995 (Laws of Sarawak, Chapter 18). Rent† or â€Å"rental income† or â€Å"income from letting† includes any amount received for the use or occupation of any real property or part thereof including premiums and other receipt in connection with the use or occupation of the real property. â€Å"Related company† means the situation where one company holds not less than 20% of the ordinary shares or preference shares of the other. 3. 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 4. Letting of real property as a business source 4. 1 Letting of real property is deemed as a business source and the income received from it is charged to tax under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA ifIssue: B Page 1 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA maintenance services or support services are provided in relation to the real property. 4. 2 Maintenance services or support services should be comprehensively and actively provided. 4. 2. 1 Maintenance services or support services comprehensively provided means services which include: (a) doing generally all things necessary (eg. leaning services or repairs) for the maintenance and management of the real property such as the structural elements of the building, stairways, fire escapes, entrances and exits, lobbies, corridors, lifts/escalators, compounds, drains, water tanks, sewers, pipes, wires, cables or other fixtures and fittings; and doing generally all things necessary for the maintenance and management of the exterior parts of the real property such as playing fields, recreational areas, driveways, car parks, open spaces, landscape areas, walls and fences, exterior lighting or other external fixtures and fittings; or b) If a person only provides security services or other facilities, that person is not providing maintenance services or support services comprehens ively. 4. 2. 2 Services actively provided means the person who owns or lets out the real property: (a) (b) provides himself; or hires another person or another firm to provide the maintenance services or support services as mentioned under paragraph 4. 2. 1 of this Ruling. Example 1: Suai Sdn Bhd owns three blocks of condominium consisting of 324 units and lets out those units to tenants.Suai Sdn Bhd provides maintenance services of lift, cleaning services, security services, centralized air conditioner and maintenance services of playing fields and car parks. The letting of the condominium units is treated as a business source of Suai Sdn Bhd since maintenance services and support services are comprehensively and actively provided by Suai Sdn Bhd. Issue: B Page 2 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Example 2: Wahida owns a 4-storey building consisting of 32 units that can be used as offices a nd shop lots.All the units are let out to several tenants. Wahida hires Ali Enterprise to provide maintenance services of the structure of the building, maintenance of lift and cleaning services of the building and area outside the building. The letting of the units in the building is treated as a business source of Wahida since maintenance services and support services are comprehensively and actively provided by Wahida. Example 3: Yes Property Sdn Bhd rents one block of office building consisting of 42 units from Zura Sdn Bhd. All the units are let out to a few tenants.Yes Property Sdn Bhd provides cleaning services of the building and area outside the building, centralized air conditioner, maintenance of car park and security services. The letting of the office units is treated as a business source of Yes Property Sdn Bhd since maintenance services and support services are comprehensively and actively provided by Yes Property Sdn Bhd. 4. 3 As long as maintenance services or suppo rt services are comprehensively and actively provided in relation to the real property which is let out, the letting is a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA even though the letting is between related parties.However, if rental charged to the tenant is not at arm’s length basis, the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia would adjust the rental payment accordingly. For the purpose of this Ruling, â€Å"related parties† in relation to: (a) (b) (c) individuals, mean both individuals are related; companies, mean both companies are related companies; a company and an individual, mean one of the parties is in a position to influence or be influenced by the other party, or to control or be controlled by the other party. . 4 Special treatment for letting of a building to an approved Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) status company Under the Income Tax (Industrial Building Allowance) (Approved Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Status Company) Rules 2006 [P. U. (A) 202/2006], ef fective from the year of assessment 2006, the letting of building in the Issue: B Page 3 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIACyberjaya Flagship Zone to an approved MSC status company is regarded as carrying on a business and the income received from it is charged to tax under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. The building let out: has to be a new building that provides a world-class physical and information infrastructure as determined by the Multimedia Development Corporation Sdn Bhd; must not have been occupied by any company prior to the year of assessment 2006; and does not include building for the purpose of living accommodation. 5. Letting of real property as a non-business source 5. The letting of real property is treated as a non-business source and income received from it is charged to tax under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA if a person lets out the real property without providing maintenance ser vices or support services comprehensively and actively. Example 4: Unggas Property Sdn Bhd lets out one block of office building to a company. Unggas Property Sdn Bhd only provides security services. The letting of the office building is treated as non-business source since Unggas Property only provides security services.Unggas Property Sdn Bhd does not provide maintenance services or support services comprehensively. Example 5: Azran Sdn Bhd lets out a 5-storey building to Aloy Sdn Bhd without providing any maintenance services or support services. The letting of the building is a non-business source since there are no maintenance services or support services provided by Azran Sdn Bhd. Income received from the letting is charged to tax as rental income under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. Example 6: Facts are the same as in example 3 but maintenance services and support services are provided by Zura Property Sdn Bhd.The letting of the office units is treated as a non-business source of Yes Property Sdn Bhd since maintenance services and support services are not provided by Yes Property Sdn Bhd but are provided by Zura Sdn Bhd. Issue: B Page 4 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 5. 2 The letting of real property is also treated as a non-business source if a person lets out the real property and maintenance services or support services are passively derived from the ownership of the real property.Income received from the letting of the real property is charged to tax as rental income under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. Example 7: Azrie owns 2 units of apartment and lets out those units to 2 tenants. The tenants are entitled to use the swimming pool, tennis court and other facilities that are provided in the apartment. All the facilities are provided and maintained by the management corporation of the apartment. Azrie only pays maintenance fees to the management corporation of th e apartment. Services enjoyed by the tenants are merely an extension of Azrie’s right as proprietor of the apartment units and are not actively provided by Azrie.Therefore, the letting of the apartment units is a non-business source and the income received from it is charged to tax as rental income under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. 6. Commencement date of letting of real property 6. 1 The date of commencement of letting of real property treated as a source of rental income under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA is on the date the real property is rented out for the first time. Example 8: Nora buys one unit of apartment on 1. 10. 2009. She renovates and advertises the letting of the apartment on 1. 1. 2010. The apartment is only let out on 1. . 2010. The letting of the apartment commences on 1. 7. 2010 i. e on the date it is rented out for the first time. 6. 2 The date of commencement of letting of real property treated as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA is on the da te the real property is made available for letting. A real property is made available for letting when the real property is ready to be occupied by tenants and steps to let out the real property have been taken such as advertising the real property for letting or appointing a real property agent to facilitate the letting.Example 9: Muhibbah Sdn Bhd purchases a 12-storey office building on 1. 1. 2010. The company advertises the letting of that building on 1. 4. 2010. The Company provides maintenance services of lift, cleaning services of the building and Issue: B Page 5 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA area outside the building, maintenance services of car park for that building and centralized air conditioner. The building is made available for letting on 1. 6. 2010 after renovation is completed. The building is only let out on 1. 8. 010. The company closes its account on 31 December every year. The letting of the building commences on 1. 6. 2010 i. e on the date the building is made available for letting. Example 10: Facts are the same as in example 9 but the building is only let out on 1. 1. 2011. The letting of the building commences on 1. 6. 2010 that is on the date the building is available for letting. Therefore expenses incurred in the production of rental income for the year of assessment 2010 are allowable and can be carried forward to the year of assessment 2011 (assuming that the company only has this rental business income).However advertisement expenses incurred on 1. 4. 2010 are not allowable since the expenses are incurred to obtain the first tenant. Example 11: Syazril Property Sdn Bhd owns a complex consisting of an office building in Block A and a shopping centre in Block B. The company provides comprehensively and actively maintenance services and support services in relation to the complex. The company advertises the letting of that complex on 1. 6 . 2010. The office building in Block A is made available for letting and is let out on the same date i. 1. 7. 2010. Whereas the shopping centre in Block B is made available for letting on 1. 1. 2011 but is only let out on 1. 2. 2011. The company closes its account on 31 December every year. The letting of the office building commences on 1. 7. 2010. Whereas the letting of the shopping complex commences on 1. 1. 2011 i. e on the date it is made available for letting. Example 12: Kengo Sdn Bhd purchases a 10-storey office building in Kuala Lumpur, a shopping complex in Johor Bahru and 5 units of shop house in Kota Bharu in the year 2010.Both buildings in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru are let out and maintenance services and support services are comprehensively and actively provided in relation to those buildings. Whereas the shop houses are let out without maintenance services and support services. The date of advertisement, the date the real properties are made available for letting a nd the real properties are let out are as follows: Issue: B Page 6 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 Advertisement date 1. . 2010 1. 8. 2010 1. 9. 2010 Date available for letting 1. 9. 2010 1. 11. 2010 1. 11. 2010 Date of letting 1. 12. 2010 1. 1. 2011 1. 2. 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Real property Building in Kuala Lumpur Building in Johor Bahru Shop houses in Kota Bharu The commencement date of letting of the building is as follows: Real properties Rental business [paragraph 4(a)] Building in Kuala Lumpur Building in Johor Bahru Rental [paragraph 4(d)] Shop houses in Kota Bharu 7. All real properties grouped as a single source 7. Several real properties which are let out can be grouped as one source whether as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA or a nonbusiness source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. If a person lets out several real properties in a year of assessment and the letting of (a) (b) a ll real properties is a business source, all the real properties can be grouped as one business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. all real properties is a non-business source, all the real properties can be grouped as one non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. ome of the real properties is a business source and some is a nonbusiness source, income from both sources shall be assessed separately. The income from the business source and the nonbusiness source is assessed under paragraphs 4(a) and 4(d) of the ITA respectively. 1. 2. 2011 1. 9. 2010 1. 11. 2010 Date of commencement of letting (c) Issue: B Page 7 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Example 13: AJ Sdn Bhd owns a 4-storey building in Damansara and a 6-storey building in Bangsar.Both buildings are let out since 2008 and the letting of the buildings is treated as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. The gross income, allowable expenses and capital allowances on the furniture in each building for the year of assessment 2010 are as follows: Real property Gross income (RM) 60,000 10,000 70,000 Allowable expenses (RM) 14,000 12,000 26,000 Capital allowances (furniture) (RM) 7,000 3,000 10,000 Building in Damansara Building in Bangsar Total The letting of both real properties is a business source.Therefore, both real properties can be grouped as one business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. The statutory income of AJ Sdn Bhd from the business of letting of real property for the year of assessment 2010 is calculated as follows: (RM) Gross income from rental Less: Allowable expenses Adjusted income Less: Capital allowances (furniture) Statutory income from rental Example 14: Margaret owns several real properties which are let out since 2008 and the letting of the real properties is a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA.The gross income and allowable expenses for ea ch real property for the year of assessment 2010 are as follows: 70,000 26,000 44,000 10,000 34,000 Issue: B Page 8 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 Gross income (RM) 12,000 9,000 24,000 1,500 46,500 Allowable expenses (RM) 3,000 11,000 8,000 1,800 23,800 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Real property Terrace house Apartment Shop house Vacant land TotalStatutory income of Margaret from the letting of real property for the year of assessment 2010 is calculated as follows: (RM) Gross income from rental Less: Allowable expenses Statutory income from rental Example 15: Theodore Lim buys an office building and a business building in Taman Anggerik, Ampang in August 2009. The purchases of both buildings are financed by a bank loan. The office building is rented out commencing from 1. 1. 2010 whereas the business building is only rented out on 1. 2. 2011. Income from the letting of both buildings is assessed as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA.The gross income and interest expense on loan for each building for the years of assessment 2010 and 2011 are as follows: Gross income (RM) Year of assessment 2010 Office building Business building 120,000 Year of assessment 2011 120,000 165,000 Interest expense (RM) Year of assessment 2010 45,000 55,000 Year of assessment 2011 40,000 50,000 46,500 23,800 22,700 Real property Issue: B Page 9 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIAIn the year of assessment 2010, the business building has not commenced as a source because no income has been generated yet. As such, the business building and office building cannot be aggregated as one source. Interest expense in relation to the business building amounting to RM55,000 is not allowed a deduction against the gross income from the letting of office building. The statutory income from rent for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) Gross income from rental [paragraph 4(a)] Less: Interest expense Statutory income from rental 120,000 45,000 75,000Note: If rental income from office building and business building is assessed as a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA, the same tax treatment applies. In the year of assessment 2011, the business building can be grouped with the office building as one source as the business building constitutes a source once it has generated income. Although the business building is only rented out on 1. 2. 2011, the whole interest expense amounting to RM50,000 is allowed a deduction since the rental business source for the year of assessment 2011 exists from 1. . 2011. The statutory income from rent for the year of assessment 2011 is computed as follows: (RM) Gross income from rental (paragraph 4(a)) Less: Interest expense Statutory income from rental 285,000 90,000 195,000 Note: If rental income from office building and business building is a ssessed as a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA, interest expenses in respect of the business building has to be adjusted according to the period the building is let out. Therefore interest expense in respect of the period from 1. 1. 011 to 31. 1. 2011 is not allowable. Example 16: Facts are the same as in example 13 with an additional information i. e AJ Sdn Bhd owns and lets out a residential house and one unit of apartment. The Issue: B Page 10 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA letting of the residential house and the apartment unit is a non-business source since maintenance services or support services are not provided. The company is not an investment holding company.The gross income, allowable expenses and capital allowances on the furniture in each building for the year of assessment 2010 are as follows: Real property – paragraph 4(a) source Gross income (RM) 6 0,000 10,000 70,000 Gross income (RM) 8,000 6,000 14,000 Allowable expenses (RM) 14,000 12,000 26,000 Allowable expenses (RM) 11,000 4,000 15,000 Capital allowances (furniture) (RM) 7,000 3,000 10,000 Capital allowances (RM) – Building in Damansara Building in Bangsar Total Real property – paragraph 4(d) source Residential house Apartment Total The letting of buildings in Damansara and Bangsar is a business source.Therefore, those buildings can be grouped as one business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. Whereas the letting of residential house and apartment is a non-business source and can be grouped as one non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. The total income of AJ Sdn Bhd for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) (i) Statutory income from rental – paragraph 4(a) [70,000 – 26,000 – 10,000] (ii) Statutory income from rental – paragraph 4(d) [14,000 – 15,000] Aggregate income/Total income Issue : B Nil 34,000 Page 11 of 26 34,000INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA The adjusted loss from non-business source amounting to RM1,000 cannot be deducted against statutory income from business of letting and is not allowed to be carried forward to subsequent years of assessment. 7. 2 If a person has a business source of letting of real property under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA and a business source from other businesses in the same year of assessment, the business source of letting of real property has to be separated from the other business sources.Example 17: Syarikat MJ Sdn Bhd (SMSB) is carrying on a business of hardware wholesaler. SMSB owns a 4-storey building which is let out and provides maintenance services and support services comprehensively and actively. SMSB also owns a terrace house which is let out without providing maintenance services and support services. Income from letting of the 4storey building qualifies to be assessed as a business source (paragraph 4(a) of the ITA) whereas rental income from the terrace house is assessed as a non-business source (paragraph 4(d) of the ITA) for the year of assessment 2010.The gross income, allowable expenses and capital allowances on plant and machinery for each source of income of SMSB for the year of assessment 2010 are as follows: Source of income Adjusted income (RM) Adjusted loss (RM) Capital allowances (plant and machinery) (RM) Business of wholesale Letting of 4-storey building (paragraph 4(a) of the ITA) Letting of terrace house (paragraph 4(d) of the ITA) 100,000 – 10,000 15,000 5,000 – 3,000 – Issue: B Page 12 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIAThe total income of SMSB for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) (RM) (i) Business of wholesale (paragraph 4(a) of the ITA) Adjusted income Less: Capital allowances (plant and machinery) Statutory income (ii) Letting of real property (paragraph 4(a) of the ITA) Adjusted loss Capital allowances (plant and machinery) Statutory income (iii) Letting of real property (paragraph 4(d) of the ITA) Adjusted loss Statutory income Aggregate income Less: Current year loss Total income (3,000) Nil 85,000 10,000 75,000 (10,000) 5,000 Nil 100,000 15,000 85,000Capital Allowances of RM5,000 in relation to the letting of real property under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA which cannot be absorbed in the year of assessment 2010 is carried forward to subsequent years of assessment. Adjusted loss from the letting of real property under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA amounting to RM3,000 cannot be deducted against the aggregate income and cannot be carried forward to subsequent years of assessment. 8. Expense relating to income of letting of real property 8. An expense wholly and exclusively incurred in the production of income under subsection 33(1) of the ITA and which does not fall under subsection 39(1) of the ITA is allowed as a deduction from income of business of letting of real property charged to tax under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. Issue: B Page 13 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 8. 2Expense which is allowed a deduction from income of letting of real property charged to tax under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA is the direct expense that is wholly and exclusively incurred in the production of income under subsection 33(1) of the ITA. Examples of direct expenses which are deductible from gross income of letting of real property are as follows: (a) Assessment and quit rent Annual assessment paid to the local authority and quit rent paid to the land office. b) Interest on loan Interest paid on loan taken to finance the purchase of real property which is rented out. (c) Fire insurance premium Fire insurance premium paid in relation to fire insurance policy taken on the real property which is rented out. (d) Expense on rent collection Rent collection fee and legal expense incurred to enforce rent collection. (e) Expense on rent renewal Expense incurred to renew tenancy or to change tenant. (f) Expense on repair Expense on ordinary repair to maintain the real property in its existing state. 8. Initial expense Initial expense is not allowed a deduction from income of letting of real property assessed under paragraph 4(a) or paragraph 4(d) of the ITA since that expense is incurred to create a source of rental income and not incurred in the production of rental income. Examples of such expense are cost to obtain the first tenant such as advertising cost, legal cost to prepare rental agreement, stamp duty and commission for real property agent. Example 18: Sarah Property Sdn Bhd buys an office building on 1. 9. 2009 to be let out.The company incurs RM600 to advertise the letting of the building on 1. 1. 2010 and legal cost amounting to RM1,800 paid to Reganathan & Co on 12. 2. 2010 for preparing rental agreement. The building is let out commencing from Issue: B Page 14 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 1. 3. 2010 without providing maintenance services or support services. The letting of the office building is a non-business source and the rental income is taxable under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA.The advertising cost amounting to RM600 and the legal cost of RM1,800 are not allowed a deduction from income of letting of office building for the year of assessment 2010 as the expenses are incurred to obtain the first tenant. Example 19: Facts are the same as in example 18 except the building is made available for letting on 1. 2. 2010 and Sarah Property Sdn Bhd provides maintenance services of lift, security services, cleaning services and maintenance of centralized air conditioner.The letting of the office bui lding is a business source and the rental income is taxable under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA. The advertising cost amounting to RM600 and the legal cost of RM1,800 are not allowed a deduction from income of letting of office building for the year of assessment 2010 as the expenses are incurred to obtain the first tenant. 8. 4 Expenses during a period the real property is not rented out 8. 4. 1 Expenses incurred in relation to a real property during a period it is not rented out are not allowable in calculating the adjusted income from the letting of the real property.However, if the period the real property is not rented out occurs after it has been let out and it is clear that it is ready to be let out, then expenses during that period are allowable subject to subsections 33(1) and 39(1) of the ITA. Example 20: Farhan lets out a double-storey terrace house on 1. 1. 2010 for RM1,000 a month. On 1. 9. 2010 the tenant moves out and the house is let out to another tenant on 1. 12. 2010 for the same amount of rental. Assessment for a year is RM500 while quit rent is RM50 a year.The letting of the house is a non-business source and the rental income is taxable under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. The adjusted income from rent for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) Rental income (gross) Period of 1. 1. 2010 – 31. 8. 2010 (8 x RM1,000) Period of 1. 12. 2010 – 31. 12. 2010 8,000 1,000 9,000 (RM) Issue: B Page 15 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Less: Assessment Quit rent Adjusted income from rent 00 50 550 8,450 As a concession, assessment and quit rent expenses are allowable in full even though the house is not rented out for the period of 1. 9. 2010 to 30. 11. 2010. 8. 4. 2 If the letting ceases temporarily due to the following circumstances: (a) (b) (c) (d) repair or renovation of the building; absence of tenants for a period of 2 years after termination of tenancy; legal injuction or other official sanction; or other circumstances beyond the control of the person who lets out the real property; xpenses for the period the real property is not let out are allowable provided that the real property is maintained in good condition and is ready to be let out. Example 21: Sinar Ria Sdn Bhd owns a 4-storey building which is let out to Deena Holding Bhd since 2008. The letting of the real property is treated as a business source. Sinar Ria Sdn Bhd closes its account on 31 December every year. On 31. 12. 2010, the letting of the building ends. The company makes an effort to obtain a new tenant but only manages to let out the building to another company on 1. 4. 013 (absence of tenants for a period of 27 months). Expenses during the absence of tenants deductible. Therefore the expenses for 31. 12. 2012 are allowable. However the 1. 1. 2013 to 31. 3. 2013 are not allowed a exceeds the specified period of 2 years. for a period of 2 years are the period of 1. 1. 2011 to expenses for the period of deduction since that period Issue: B Page 16 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Example 22: Syarafina owns 2 houses which are let out since 2009.The rental income is assessed as a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. The gross income and allowable expenses for each real property for the years of assessment 2010 and 2011 are as follows: Gross income (RM) Assessment , quit rent and interest expense (RM) Year of assessment 2010 3,550 2,500 Year of assessment 2011 3,550 2,500 Real property Year of assessment 2010 House I House II 1 Year of assessment 2011 12,000 -1 12,000 9,600 House II was not rented out as the local authorities had given an instruction to vacate the house from 1. 1. 2011 to 31. 12. 011 so that the hill slopes could be monitored after a landslide had occurred at a nearby area. The house was rented out again on 1. 1. 2012. The statutory income from rent for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) Rental income (paragraph 4(d)) Less: Allowable expenses Statutory income from rental 21,600 6,050 15,550 The statutory income from rent for the year of assessment 2011 is computed as follows: (RM) Rental income (paragraph 4(d)) Less: Allowable expenses Statutory income from rental Issue: B 12,000 6,050 5,950 Page 17 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. /2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 8. 5 Expenses before real property is let out Expenses in respect of a period before the real property is let out is not deductible and have to be adjusted proportionately. Example 23: Michael lets out a shop house commencing from 1. 5. 2010 for RM2,500 a month. He pays annual assessment amounting to RM1,200, annual quit rent amounting to RM120 and fire insurance premium of RM600 for year 2010. The letting of the shop house is a non -business source and the rental income is taxable under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA.The adjusted income from rent for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: (RM) Rental income (gross) Period of 1. 5. 2010 – 31. 12. 2010 (8 x RM2,500) Less: Expenses for period of 1. 5. 2010 – 31. 12. 2010 Assessment (8/12 x RM1,200) Quit rent (8/12 x RM120) Fire insurance premium (8/12 x RM600) Adjusted income from rent 8. 6 Restriction on interest expense If a person takes a loan for business purposes and to finance the purchase of real property that is let out, interest expense allowable against the business source has to be restricted under subsection 33(2) of the ITA.Interest expense on loan to finance the purchase of real property that is let out is deductible from rental income. Example 24: Azalea Property Sdn Bhd, a property development company closes its account on 31 December every year. On 9. 6. 2009 the company takes a loan of RM2 million from a bank for business p urposes and to finance the purchase of a bungalow costing RM450,000. The company claims an interest expense of RM120,000 in the profit and loss account for the year assessment 800 80 400 1,280 18,720 20,000 Issue: B Page 18 of 26INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 2010. The bungalow is let out commencing from 1. 1. 2010 and income from letting of the bungalow is taxable under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. Interest restriction is computed as follow: RM450,000 ——————- x RM 120,000 RM2,000,000 = RM27,000 The amount of RM27,000 is added back in arriving at the adjusted income from business of the company. However the company can claim interest expense of RM27,000 against income from the letting of the bungalow.Note: Since the cost of the bungalow does not exceed RM500,000, interest restriction under subsection 33(2) of the ITA is calculated based on the end-of-year balance in the balance sheets. 9. Rental income received in advance 9. 1 9. 2 Rental received in advance is treated as gross income for the basis period in which it is received. Where rental income received in advance is assessed in the basis period in which it is received, any expense incurred in relation to that rental income after that basis period is allowable in the basis period in which the income is assessed.Therefore amendment has to be done to the assessment for the year of assessment concerned. Example 25: Kelvin Ong lets out a double-storey terrace house for the period of 1. 1. 2010 to 31. 12. 2012. Rental for the three years amounting to RM36,000 is received in the year 2010. Expenses incurred on that house are as follows: Year ended Income/expenses 31. 12. 2010 (RM) Rental income Expenses 36,000 4,000 31. 12. 2011 (RM) 5,000 31. 12. 2012 (RM) 3,000 Issue: B Page 19 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND R EVENUE BOARD MALAYSIAThe adjusted income from rent for the year of assessment 2010 is computed as follows: Year of Assessment 2010 (RM) Rental income Less: Expenses Adjusted income Less: Expenses for a period ending 31. 12. 2011 Amended adjusted income Less: Expenses for a period ending 31. 12. 2012 Amended adjusted income 36,000 4,000 32,000 5,000 27,000 3,000 24,000 Expenses incurred in 2011 and 2012 are allowable against the rental income which is assessed in the year of assessment 2010. Therefore the assessment for the year of assessment 2010 has to be amended when the expenses are incurred in 2011 and 2012. . 3 In the case where there is more than one real property and rental income from one or several real properties is received in advance, expenses related to that source is deductible from other rental income in the basis period in which the expenses are incurred. This treatment is only applicable to rental income from real properties which are assessed as one source. Example 26: Fortune Sdn Bhd lets out 2 buildings commencing from 1. 1. 2010. The company receives rental for 3 years amounting to RM300,000 in 2010 in relation to the first building.The second building is let out for RM10,000 a month. The letting of both buildings is treated as a rental source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. Income received and the allowable expenses for the building are as follows: Issue: B Page 20 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Year ended First building Income (RM) Expenses (RM) 20,000 15,000 18,000 Second building Income (RM) 120,000 120,000 120,000 Expenses (RM) 30,000 30,000 30,000 31. 12. 2010 31. 12. 011 31. 12. 2012 300,000 – The adjusted income from rental for the years of assessment 2010 to 2012 is computed as follows: Year of assessment 2010 (RM) Rental income Less: Expenses Adjusted Income 420,000 50,000 370,000 2011 (RM) 120,000 45,000 75,000 2012 (RM) 120,0 00 48,000 72,000 Example 27: Facts are the same as in example 26 but the letting of the first building is treated as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA whereas the letting of the second building is treated as non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA.The adjusted income from rental for the years of assessment 2010 to 2012 is computed as follows: Issue: B Page 21 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA Rental source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA Year of assessment 2010 (RM) Rental income Less: Expenses Adjusted income Less: Expenses for a period ending 31. 12. 2011 Amended adjusted income Less: Expenses for a period ending 31. 12. 2012 Amended adjusted income 300,000 20,000 280,000 15,000 265,000 18,000 247,000Expenses incurred in the years of assessment 2011 and 2012 are allowed a deduction from rental income which is assessed in the year of assessment 2010. Therefore th e assessment for the year of assessment 2010 has to be amended when the expenses are incurred in 2011 and 2012. Rental source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA Year of assessment 2010 (RM) Rental income Less: Expenses Adjusted income 120,000 30,000 90,000 2011 (RM) 120,000 30,000 90,000 2012 (RM) 120,000 30,000 90,000 10. Capital allowances 10. If the letting of real property is treated as a business source, capital allowances can be claimed on capital expenditure incurred on plant and machinery. The provisions in Schedule 3 of the ITA relating to capital allowances shall apply to the business of letting of real property. Issue: B Page 22 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 10. 2 If the letting of real property is treated as a business source and the letting of real property ceases temporarily due to the circumstances mentioned in paragraph 8. . 2 of this Ruling, capital allowances can still be claimed in respect of the period the real property is not let out provided the real property is maintained in good condition and is made available for letting. Example 28: Saravanan Sdn Bhd let out a shop lots building since 2008. The letting is treated as business source. On 1. 4. 2010 the building is repaired and cannot be occupied until 31. 5. 2010. The building is only let out again on 1. 6. 2010. Capital allowances claimed for the year of assessment 2010 is RM30,000. Even though the letting of shop lot building ceases from 1. . 2010 to 31. 5. 2010, the whole amount of capital allowances of RM30,000 can be claimed in the year of assessment 2010 since the letting ceases temporarily due to the repair of the building. Example 29: Harris Property Sdn Bhd owns a 5-storey building which is let out to Fetty Holding Bhd since 2007. The letting of the real property is treated as business source. Harris Property Sdn Bhd closes its account on 31 December every year. On 1. 3. 2010, the tena ncy of the building ceases and Fetty Holding Bhd does not renew the tenancy. The building is left vacant until 31. 2. 2011 despite the efforts of the company to find a new tenant (including advertising the letting in several newspapers). Harris Property Sdn Bhd only manages to let out the building to another company on 1. 1. 2012 (absence of tenants for a period of 22 months). Capital allowances have been claimed since 2007. Even though the letting of building ceases from 1. 3. 2010 to 31. 12. 2011, capital allowances can be claimed in the years of assessment 2010 and 2011 since the letting ceases temporarily due to the absence of tenants for a period of less than 2 years.Example 30: Facts are the same as in example 29 except that the building is not let out until 31. 3. 2012. Harris Property Sdn Bhd only manages to let out the building to another company on 1. 4. 2012 (absence of tenants for a period of 25 months). Harris Property Sdn Bhd is eligible to claim capital allowances for the years of assessment 2010 and 2011. Harris Property Sdn Bhd is also eligible to claim capital allowance for the year of assessment 2012 if the letting of the building is treated as a business source for that year of assessment.Issue: B Page 23 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 10. 3 If there is a change in tax treatment of the letting of a real property from a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA to a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA in the basis period for a year of assessment, the person who lets out the real property has two sources of income from the same real property in that basis period, i. a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA and a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. If as a result of the change: 10. 3. 1 a company becomes an investment holding company (IHC), the rental income (business source) would be assessed as incom e under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. Therefore, the company is not entitled to claim for capital allowances on plant and machinery since they are not used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment. 0. 3. 2 a company does not become an IHC, the company still derives rental income under paragraph 4(a) and 4(d) of the ITA in respect of the real property. Even though the company is not an IHC, the company would not be entitled to claim for capital allowances on plant and machinery since they are not used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment. Note: The determination of whether a company is an IHC or not is explained in the Public Ruling No. /2011 (Investment Holding Company). 10. 4 If a company has a business source and a rental source (not necessary to determine whether an IHC or not since its main activity is not the holding of investments) and there is a change in tax treatment of the lett ing of a real property from a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA to a nonbusiness source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA in the basis period for a year of assessment, the company still derives rental income under paragraph 4(a) and 4(d) of the ITA.The company would not be entitled to claim for capital allowances on plant and machinery since they are not used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment. Note: In the case where capital allowances cannot be claimed, the residual expenditure of the plant and machinery will be reduced by notional allowances for that year of assessment and subsequent years of assessment. Example 31: Menara Sdn Bhd owns an office building consisting of 20 units and lets out all the units fully furnished since 2006.The letting is treated as a business source since maintenance services and support services are comprehensively and actively provided by Menara Sdn Bhd. Capital allowance have been claimed on the furnitures in the office building. Issue: B Page 24 of 26 INCOME FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA However from June 2010, Menara Sdn Bhd did not provide maintenance services and support services.Menara Sdn Bhd closes its account on 31 December every year. Menara Sdn Bhd is not entitled to claim capital allowances on the furnitures in the office building for the year of assessment 2010 since the furnitures are not used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment. Notional allowances will be deducted to arrive at the residual expenditure of the furnitures for the year of assessment 2010 and subsequent years of assessment. 0. 5 If more than one real property is let out and there is a change in tax treatment of any of the real properties from a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA to a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA in the basis period for a year of assessment, capital allowances can be claimed on plant and machinery for the real property which remains as a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA.If there is a change in tax treatment of the letting of a real property from a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA to a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA in the basis period for a year of assessment, the person who lets out the real property has two sources of income from the same real property in that basis period, i. e a non-business source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA and a business source under paragraph 4(a) of the ITA.Capital allowances can be claimed on plant and machinery in the real property since they are used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment. For the purpose of computing capital allowances, the qualifying expenditure for the plant and machinery is the market value on the first day they are used in the b usiness. Example 32: Teguh Sdn Bhd closes its account on 31 December every year and its main activity is the holding of investments. The company owns and lets out a fullyfurnished 10-storey office building.The letting is treated as a rental source under paragraph 4(d) of the ITA. From 1. 3. 2010 the company provides maintenance services and support services comprehensively and actively. The company is not an IHC in the year of assessment 2010 since the income from holding of investment is less than 80% of its gross income. Teguh Sdn Bhd is entitled to claim capital allowances on the furnitures in the office building for the year of assessment 2010 since they are used for the purpose of a business at the end of the basis period for that year of assessment.For the purpose of computing capital allowances for the year of assessment 2010, the qualifying expenditure for the furnitures is the market value on 1. 3. 2010. No initial allowance will be given. Issue: B Page 25 of 26 10. 6 INCOM E FROM LETTING OF REAL PROPERTY Public Ruling No. 4/2011 Date of Issue: 10 March 2011 INLAND REVENUE BOARD MALAYSIA 11. Industrial building allowance 11. 1 If a person owns a building lets out the building and the building is in used as an industrial building, industrial building allowance can be claimed by the owner of the building even though the letting is a non-business source.If the letting of real property is given a special treatment as explained in paragraph 4. 4 of this Ruling, the owner of the building is eligible to claim industrial building allowances on the qualifying building expenditure incurred. 11. 2 12. Replacement cost of furnishings If the letting of a furnished real property is treated as non-business source, cost of replacing furnishings such as furniture and air conditioner can be claimed as a deduction from gross income from that letting. 13.Letting of part of building used in the business If a building, whether owned or rented, is used for business purposes and part of the building is let out, the rent arising from the letting is treated as part of income from the existing business source. 14. Effective date This Ruling is effective for the year of assessment 2011 and subsequent years of assessment. This Ruling supersedes Public Ruling No. 1/2004 issued on 30 June 2004. Director General of Inland Revenue, Inland Revenue Board Malaysia. Issue: B Page 26 of 26

The Easter Islanders Rise And Fall Essay example

The original inhabitants of Easter Island serve to show us what the ingenuity of the human spirit can accomplish and the follies that can accompany them. The first islanders were the Polynesians that arrived around 400 AD from south-east Asia. It is estimated that their were between twenty and thirty individuals that made the colossal journey. By the innovation of the double canoe it allowed them to travel a great distance to an island where they could establish a brilliant civilization. There civilization was based on being the best one can be which fostered intense competition between the different clans. Competition brought out the best and the worst in the people over their greed for the resources that the island provided. The†¦show more content†¦In order to advance the islanders society, they began cutting down the vegetation and wooded areas of the island. They found this necessary because by cutting down the trees it allowed for more space for agriculture that t he inhabitants needed to satisfy the flourishing population. It was also necessary because the trees were used for canoes, heating, houses, cooking and poles. The greatest abuse of the wooded area came from the need to move the stone statues from the quarry to different sites on the island. Islanders used the tree trunks as rollers since they had to rely on human power to move them. Excessive use of wooded areas resulted in over six hundred large stone statues being made and most of the forest disappearing by the 1600s. The disappearance of the wooded areas brought about great changes to the islanders way of life. One change was that the islanders could no longer build houses out of wood and instead had to find new places to live. They began living in shelters dug out from the hillside and making reed huts made from the remaining vegetation that grew near the water. The lack of woodlands brought an end to long journeys since the canoes were made of wood. Only reed boats were a possibility that could only travel a short distance. Gathering food from the sea was made harder too. Since nets for fishing were made from the mulberry tree that was no longer available. The diminishing resources resultedShow MoreRelatedCollapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond3203 Words   |  13 Pageseveryday life of humanity. These ancient peoples were the building blocks for trial and error, contributing to modern day care and how we govern today’s most successful societies. Surprisingly enough, they were great educators of how societies can rise with control and authority but, even more; on how societies can weaken and crumble when negligent to the environment. In the quotation above by American writer and naturalist Joseph Krutch, we see how his personal perspective on mankind’s desire

Doctors Explanation in Kate Chopin´s The Story of an Hour

In the story â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, the main character Louise Mallard had a heart condition that soon lead to something unimaginable. Her family just recently found out her husband has died and they have to tell her calmly or else she would have a dangerous rapid heart beat. When she heard the news of her husband, she became very depressed but then felt joy that overcame her that no reader would have guessed. Then suddenly her husband walked through the door. When she saw him she died immediately. A doctor came in and said that she died from joy. The doctor’s explanation for Mrs. Mallard’s death was inaccurate due to her joy of being free after he died, her happiness after she thought he died, and her sadness when she saw her husband walk in the door. In the story Mrs. Mallard experienced a sudden joy after the news of her husband’s death. 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Racial Integration in College Football in the 1950s

In the 1950s, America was viewed as one the strongest nations in the World. America established itself as a strong military super power and dominate country in World War II. The effects of World War II carried over in the 1950s, America saw a lot of economic growth, there was an increase in the amount of people who moved to the suburbs, and the baby boom which came about because of the millions of soldiers returning home from military services. Even though this seemed like a happy time, there was still a thick tension in America. This tension was between African-Americans and white Americans. In 1865, the thirteenth amendment was passed which abolished slavery. Even though this occurred, white people still felt that African-American were†¦show more content†¦Davis didn’t let this stop him, he got back up after every play and was determined to not let racism prevail. 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Accounting Theory & Current Issues Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the article " A large Portion of a Defense of Positive Accounting Research" Explained by Paul V Dunmore. Answer: Introduction The recent study presents a basic examination of the article "A large portion of a Defense of Positive Accounting Research" explained by Paul V Dunmore that basically explores the positive way to deal with the bookkeeping research. The recent paper shows the synopsis of the said article; inquire about inquiries, hypothetical structure of the paper alongside the hugeness and the confinement of the review lastly the derivations from the review. The present investigation explains in detail the positive bookkeeping in a more extensive feeling of an exploration stage that goes for the creating different causal outlines of human conduct in bookkeeping foundation. Once more, the article think about explores in detail the metaphysics and in addition the epistemology of the research program. The basis of factual speculation testing is said to be weaker this is externally closely resembling the Popper's manufacture rule. The general difficulties incorporate easygoing development of various hypothetical models that should be analyzed, undue reliance on the reason of speculation testing, absence of enthusiasm for assorted numerical estimations of various parameters, inadequate duplication to guarantee trust in acknowledged perceptions and the work of hypotheses to investigate subjective information as opposed to outlines. Summary of the article The present article on Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research fundamentally analyzes the metaphysics and the epistemology of positive research. This article additionally considers the way the recent practice of accounting research does not meet the prerequisites vital for working distinctive research program successfully. The present investigation lights up altogether the positive bookkeeping in a broad feeling of an exploration stand that on a very basic level plans at the building up a few causal representations of human conduct in bookkeeping foundation (Yee and Khin 2015). The present review additionally investigates different reasons for human conduct largely and in addition, complex associations in which the immediate up close and personal communications are essentially substituted by generic strategies of obtaining of data required for basic leadership. Moreover, the article additionally evaluates wide educated activities that has ontological and epistemological suppos itions and identifies the inadequacies related to the positive bookkeeping research that keeps the same from making positive commitments to expansive tasks. The article under thought likewise displays a logical research extend where scholarly enquiries are started for foundation of the exploration speculation (Rogersand Van Buskirk2013). From there on, the article clarifies in detail illustrative cases of the positive research in arrangement of bookkeeping in research. From that point, the present paper likewise elucidates in detail the ideas of the logical cosmology and the epistemology, presents the misrepresentation and the theory testing, and clarifies how speculations are distorted. From that point, the subjective positive research mirrors the reason that situates around improvement of preparatory comprehension of certain particular wonder before making endeavours of quantitative estimations. The other aim of the subjective positive research is to analyze hypotheses. Subsequently, the method of reasoning and in addition shortcomings of measurable speculation is inspected and the impact on the positive research program is additionally dissected in detail. Besides, the review additionally clarifies illustratively the prerequisites of an effective positive research program that incorporates helpless models tried st ringently, explanatory demonstrating, fixation on estimation and replication (Setyoriniand Ishak2012). In light of the discoveries of the review, the ebb and flow paper finally exhibits the decisive results and the proposals for undertaking quantitative positive research. Research Questions The examination questions posted in the present article looks at: To analyze whether the positive research program is a more extensive idea than the positive bookkeeping hypothesis The degree to which positive research in bookkeeping can help in the accomplishing distinctive logical destinations The way in which the Kuhn's outline of the typical science can free the positive bookkeeping in accomplishment of its potential (Millerand Power2013) The way aspects of philosophy and additionally epistemology presumptions can influence the specific research program Thusly, the research questions encircled for the review are: How positive research in bookkeeping can help in achievement of various logical objectives? How the theorizing, testing and observing inside a specific worldview as proposed by Kuhn can help in freeing positive bookkeeping? How the ontology and also epistemology perspectives can influence specific research program? Theoretical Framework The present aspects delineate the hypothetical structure of the review on the positive bookkeeping hypothesis. This elucidates in detail the structure or else the system that can maintain the completely hypothetical ideas and thoughts of the present research contemplate. In that capacity, the hypothetical structure explains the establishment of the exploration issue of the present review and substantiates diverse hypotheses and in addition thoughts that are pertinent for the subject under thought (Bhaskar2013). The hypothetical structure of the present article alludes to the clarifications seeing the logical philosophy and in addition epistemology required in the positive bookkeeping. The ideas of bookkeeping manage the ideas of income, benefits, costs, misfortune and devaluation among numerous others. In any case, the ontological perspective mirrors the way that there are basic suppositions in regards to the presence of reality that relates to the idea of authenticity hypothesis in reasoning. The reasoning in view of the ontological suppositions can be thought to be deficient in the event that in the event that we attempt to comprehend the suggestions and additionally parts of bookkeeping in organizations and in addition society in points of interest. In any case, it can be therefore derived that positive philosophy and epistemology is may conceivably not be right but rather are not crazy or else unreasonable (Bonin 2013). Positive research in field of the sociologies wants to expect approaches that can transform different perceptions into all around established causal ideas. Significance and Limitation of the article The recent article helps in increasing profound understanding the positive bookkeeping from the more extensive point of view of an examination program that means to create particular causal relationship of human conduct in bookkeeping set. This review likewise digs somewhere inside the scholarly research extend under logical research that can help in understanding the circumstances and end results connections in the globe. The review likewise helps in understanding the logical research program in both financial aspects and in addition bookkeeping that can be portrayed as the positive research (Deegan2013). The study represents utilizing distinctive illustrations the way that the positive research program is more extensive than the Positive Accounting Theory. The article additionally helps in picking up learning with respect to various bookkeeping hypothesis and the way ordinary investigation of Kuhn can be respected to be reasonable for the positive bookkeeping research. Notwithstanding, the essential yields comprises of measurably huge outcomes yet are basically contains uninterruptable coefficient connecting the diverse presume measurements that are not thought to be reliable starting with one specimen then onto the next (Gaffikinand Aitken2014). In addition, there are additionally sure confinements of the review on the positive bookkeeping research. The reason behind the factual theory testing while the misleadingly closely resembling the Popper's misrepresentation measure is extremely frail. The development of various easygoing hypothetical models that are inspected is a restriction of the act of the positive bookkeeping research. In any case, there remains a gap between the genuine routine of positive bookkeeping research and what i s important for completing a powerful commitment to the scholarly program that is displayed in the review. Likewise, the depiction of Kuhn that is delineated to fit does not offer proper viewpoint with respect to the world that fundamental science means to look at and can be thought to be a non realist (Modell 2013). Moreover, the arrangement between the ideas of ontology of a specific theory and the figure of genuine real can be thought to be elusive. However, another limitation of the study is that it perceived the way that the progress rate of scientific project is moderate. Along these lines, keeping in mind the end goal to add to the scientific project, bookkeeping can likewise gain moderate ground and the present advance is additionally extremely deceptive in nature (Coadet al. 2016). Therefore, this idea does not disclose the best approach to make positive commitment to the scientific tasks and the best approach to progress at a speedier rate. Conclusion The research study has explored the philosophy and additionally the epistemology parts of the positive research and has contemplated distinctive present practices of bookkeeping that does not meet the required criteria for working as an effective research program. In light of the findings of the study, it can be thus construed that diverse extravagant models originating from diagnostic outcomes cannot be tried as they are not tractable or are not satisfactorily created. In this manner, according to the research it can be found out that there is a necessity for better estimation that can be tried thoroughly. Likewise, the positive research program additionally need to join estimation and deviate the concentration from hypothesis testing as significance of measurement relies on upon the specific example that may differ and cannot be controlled in replication. Besides, the study additionally introduces the conclusion that there is requirement for information documents for the considerat ion of various huge concepts and wide replication to substantiate conclusion from testing of particular hypothesis, adaptation of accuracy of identifications and investigation of limits of execution of various research perceptions in positive accounting. References Bhaskar, R., 2013. A realist theory of science. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Coad, A., Coad, A., Jack, L., Jack, L., Kholeif, A. and Kholeif, A., 2016. Strong structuration theory in accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 29(7), pp.1138-1144.. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Gaffikin, M. and Aitken, M., 2014. The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Modell, S., 2013. Making sense of social practice: theoretical pluralism in public sector accounting research: a comment. Financial Accountability Management, 29(1), pp.99-110 Rogers, J.L. and Van Buskirk, A., 2013. Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 55(1), pp.43-65. Setyorini, C.T. and Ishak, Z., 2012. Corporate social and environmental disclosure: A positive accounting theory view point. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(9). Yee, C.M. and Khin, E.W.S., 2015. Positivist Research and its Influence in Management Accounting Research. Journal of Accounting Perspectives, 3(1).